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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Underground Railroad Monuments
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Renée Ater
Description
An account of the resource
<div style="padding-right: 30%;">
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">The memorial and monuments in this collection are dedicated to the <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/exhibits/show/commemorating-harriet-tubman/tubman-ugrr/short-history-ugrr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="s2">Underground Railroad,</span></a> an organized network of routes and safe houses that assisted freedom seekers [enslaved people] on their journeys northward. The Underground Railroad was part of the larger movement for the abolition of slavery in the United States. The movement to abolish slavery was a complicated political movement that, at its core, was driven by the resistance and activism of enslaved Black people and freedmen and women abolitionists. Manisha Sinha explores the history of American abolition, including the Underground Railroad in<span class="s2"> <a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300227116/slaves-cause" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>The Slave’s Cause: A History</em> of Abolition</a></span>.</span><span class="s1"></span></p>
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">Although Harriet Tubman is the most famous conductor in the Underground Railroad, she is not the subject of the memorials featured in this collection (see <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="s2">Harriet Tubman</span></a> for a collection of works specifically dedicated to her life and work). Rather the monuments and memorial featured here, such as Ed Dwight's <em><a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1170" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="s2">Gateway to Freedom: International Memorial to the Underground Railroad</span></a></em>, highlight other prominent conductors, as wells celebrate the fortitude and bravery of the freedom seekers as they made the perilous journey north.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
</div>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Written by Grace Yasumura
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Sculpture
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
264''
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Tower of Freedom</em> (Windsor, Ontario)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Subject (Topic)<br />Underground Railroad<br />Slavery-- Abolition<br />Slavery-- Emancipation<br />Resistance<br />Public art<br />Public sculpture, <br />Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Subject (Object Type)
Commemorative sculpture
Description
An account of the resource
The Canadian counter-part to Ed Dwight's<a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/admin/items/show/1170" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em>Gateway to Freedom</em></a>, <em>Tower of Freedom</em> consists of a twenty-two-foot high granite tower, adorned with a bronze flame symbolizing the “Eternal Flame of Freedom.” Life-size bronze figures stand on opposite sides of the tower’s base. The cluster of four bronze figures facing the river include an African American woman holding an infant and a white woman, often identified as a Quaker “operative.” Behind the women, a man stands with his arms raised in a gesture of praise. On the opposite side of the tower, a singular figure of a woman looks back towards the river and the United States. Despite her age, she clutches a rag doll.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Dedicated: October 20, 2001
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Detroit 300; The Underground Railroad Monument Committee of Windsor
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Visual Arts-Sculpture
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Civic Esplanade, 200 Pitt St. E., Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Has Part
A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource.
<strong>Bronze Plaque:</strong> <br /><br />"THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD IN CANDA<br />LE CHEMIN DE FER CLANDESTIN AU CANDA<br /><br />From the early 19th century until the American Civil War, settlements along the Detroit and Niagara rivers were important terminals for the Underground Railroad. White and black abolitionists formed a heroic network dedicated to helping free and enslaved African Americans find freedom from oppression. By 1861, some 30,000 freedom-seekers resided in what is now Ontario, after secretly traveling north from slave states like Kentucky and Virginia. Some returned south after the outbreak of the Civil War, but many remained helping to forge the modern Canadian identity. <br /><br />Du début du XIXe siècle à la guerre de Sécession, des villages le long des rivières Detroit et Niagara servirent de terminus au chemin de fer clandestin. Ce réseau d’ abolitionnistes blancs et noirs aida les Afro-Américains à fuir l’oppression pour atteindre la liberté. Ainsi, en 1861, près de 30 000 réfugies d’ascendance africaine, venant d'États esclavagistes comme le Kentucky et la Virginie, vivaient dans ce qui est aujourd’hui l’Ontario. Des Certains la guerre de Sécession certains repartirent vers le sub, mais beaucoup s’installèrent ici en permanence et contribuèrent à forger l'identité du Canada moderne// Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada Commission des lieux et monuments historiques du Canada"
<strong>Inscription on the river-facing side of the monument: </strong><br /><br />“Keeping the Flame of Freedom Alive”<br /><br />Inscription on the reserve of the monument: <br /><br />“International Underground Railroad Memorial”
<strong>Inscription on base:</strong><br /><br />“UNDERGROUND RAILRAOD AREAS OF SETTLEMENT AMERSTBURG<br />DRESEDEN<br />BUXTON<br />CHATHAM<br />COLCHESTER<br />LITTLE RIVER<br />NEW CANAAN<br />PUCE<br />SANDWICH<br />WINDSOR"
<strong>The second Bronze plaque just in front of the memorial:</strong> <br /><br />"Tower of Freedom By Ed Dwight Dedicated October 20, 2001, With companion work Gateway to Freedom In Hart Plaza, Detroit. A project of Detroit 300 and the Underground Railroad Monument Committee of Windsor."
Bibliographic Citation
A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.
Nora Faires. "Across the Border to Freedom: The International Underground Railroad Memorial and the Meanings of Migration." <em>Journal of American Ethnic History</em> 32, no. 2 (2013): 38-67. doi:10.5406/jamerethnhist.32.2.0038.
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Renée Ater
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Dwight, Ed, 1933-
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
264''
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Bronze; Granite
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Jim Shreve, Flickr; The City of Winsor
abolitionists
anti-slavery
Canada
Ed Dwight
Underground Railroad
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Harriet Tubman Monuments
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Written by Grace Yasumura
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Renée Ater
Description
An account of the resource
<div style="padding-right: 30%;">
<p>The monuments and memorials in the section commemorate the extraordinary achievements of the abolitionist and women’s rights activist <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/exhibits/show/commemorating-harriet-tubman/tubman-bio" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Harriet Tubman</a>, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822—1913). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, she escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/exhibits/show/commemorating-harriet-tubman/tubman-ugrr/short-history-ugrr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Underground Railroad</a>, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</em></a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Swing Low</em></a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people.</p>
</div>
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Sculpture
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Unknown
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Harriet Tubman</em> (Salem Chapel, St. Catharines, Ontario)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Rekrut, Frank, 1959-
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Dedicated: September 13, 2010
Has Part
A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource.
<p><em><strong>Inscription on front of black marble plinth:</strong> </em><br />"After the passing of the USA 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, she said. 'I wouldn't trust Uncle Sam with my people no longer. I brought them all clear off to Canada.'"</p>
<p><em><strong>Inscription on back of black marble plinth:</strong></em><br />Sculptor<br />Frank Rekrut<br />2010</p>
<p><em><strong>Ontario Heritage Foundation historic marker:</strong></em><br />Harriet Ross Tubman c. 1820-1913<br />A legendary conductor on the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman became known as the "Moses" of her people. Tubman was born into slavery on a Maryland plantation and suffered brutal treatment from numerous owners before escaping in 1849. Over the next decade she returned to the American South many times and led hundreds of freedom seekers north. When the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allowed slave owners to recapture runaways in the northern free states. Tubman extended her operations across the Canadian border. For eight years she lived in St. Catharines, and at some point rented a house in this neighborhood. With the outbreak of the Civil War, she return to the U. S. to serve the Union Army.<br /><br />Ontario Heritage Foundation, Ministry of Culture and Communications<br /><br />[<em>Reverse in French</em>]</p>
<p><em><strong>Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada marker about Salem Chapel:</strong> </em><br />Salem Chapel, built in 1855, was an important centre of 19th-century abolitionist and civil rights activity in Canada. Harriet Tubman, the famous Underground Railroad "conductor," lived here from 1851 to 1858 and is traditionally associated with Salem Chapel. Many of those aided to freedom became church members and put down roots in the local community. The auditory-hall design typifies the style associated with the Underground Railroad-related churches in Ontario.<br /><br />Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada<br />Government of Canada<br /><br />[<em>In French as well</em>]</p>
<p><em><strong>Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada marker about Harriet Tubman:</strong> </em><br />Harriet Tubman<br />(c. 1822-1913)<br /><br />Born on a Maryland plantation, Harriet Tubman escaped slavery to become one of the great heroes of the 19th century. The famous "conductor" on the Undergroun Railroad, she courageously led many of the people she rescued from American slavery on dangerous, clandestine journeys to safety and freedom in Canada. Tubman helped these Black refugees settle after their arrival and played an active role in the fight to end slavery. She became the public face of the Underground Railroad in British North America, attracting attention and funding to the abolition movement.<br /><br />Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada and Parks Canada<br /><br />[<em>In French as well</em>]</p>
<p><em><strong>BME Church National Historic Site information panel:</strong> </em><br />The Salem Chapel, British Methodist Episcopal Church was the first Black church in St. Catharines. Originally known as the African Methodist Episcopalian Church, the name was changed to reflect their loyality to the British Empire. In 1793, the "Upper Canada Act Against Slavery" was passed, allowing Blacks aged 25 years and older freedom from slavery in Canada. This created a safe haven for African American runaway slaves and made Canada the destination for many who fled. As a result, hundreds of escaped slaves settled in St. Catharines and created a vibrant Black community.<br /><br />The original church was a small log building that held about 70 members and was built on the land behind today's church. The freedom seekers who settled in St. Catharines constructed this church, dedicated in 1855, to replace the smaller one. Some of the original pews that they built are still in use in the balcony level. The BME Salem Chapel is also signficant for its ties to Harriet Tubman, nicked name "Black Moses." This brave freedom fighter was instrumental in freeing hundreds of slaves using the Underground Railroad system. Harriet Tubman called St. Catharines and the BME Church home for amost a decade. In 2000, this church became the first National Historic Site in St. Catharines.<br /><br />St. Catherines Heritage Corridor<br /><br />*****<br />1855<br />The BMA church is known for its ties to Harriet Tubman, a brave freedom-fighter who freed hundreds of slaves using the Underground Railroad.<br /><br />Ontario<br />City of St. Catharines</p>
<p><em><strong>Sign on front of Salem Chapel:</strong></em><br />St. Catharines Heritage<br />The British Methodist<br />Episcopal Church<br />Circa 1855<br />only surviving Black <br />Community church in<br />St. Catharines<br /><br />Designated 1980</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
<p>Subject (Topic)<br />Abolitionists--United States <br />Antislavery movements--Canada <br />Public art <br />Public sculpture<br />Underground Railroad</p>
<p>Subject (Name)<br />Tubman, Harriet, 1822-1913</p>
<p>Subject (Object Type)<br />Commemorative sculpture</p>
Description
An account of the resource
Half bust portrait of Harriet Tubman situated in a meditation garden next to British Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada-Salem Chapel, St. Catharines, Ontario.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Photographs by Renée Ater
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
British Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada-Salem Chapel, 92 Geneva St, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2R 4N2, Canada
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Visual Arts-Sculpture
References
A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.
<a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/exhibits/show/commemorating-harriet-tubman" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monument and Myth: Commemorating Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad</a>
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Concrete; Black marble
Bibliographic Citation
A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.
<p>Spaan, Natalie. "Harriet Tubman Monument Unveiled." The Brock Press, September 21, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2020, <a href="http://www.brockpress.com/2010/09/harriet-tubman-monument-unveiled/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.brockpress.com/2010/09/harriet-tubman-monument-unveiled/</a>.</p>
<p>Zettle, Mike. "Tubman Statue to Grace BME Church." The Standard (St. Catharines), February 19, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2020, <a href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news-story/3305714-tubman-sculpture-to-grace-bme-church-garden/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news-story/3305714-tubman-sculpture-to-grace-bme-church-garden/</a>.</p>
"Legacy of Freedom Honored." The Standard (St. Catharines), September 14, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2020, <a href="https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/community-story/3311877-legacy-of-freedom-honoured/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/community-story/3311877-legacy-of-freedom-honoured/</a>.
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Renée Ater
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Frank Rekrut (donation); St. Catharines Green Committee ; St. Catharines Horticultural Society, Eco Landscape Design; and Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada and Parks Canada.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
British Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada-Salem Chapel, 92 Geneva St, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2R 4N2, Canada
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
Unknown
abolitionist
anti-slavery
Canada
Frank Rekrut
Harriet Tubman
St. Catharines
Underground Railroad