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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Slavery Monuments in Africa
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Written by Renée Ater
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Renée Ater
Description
An account of the resource
<div style="padding-right: 30%;">Monuments and memorials to the <a href="https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/maps#introductory-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">transatlantic slave trade</a> in West and East Africa are included in this collection. Memorialization efforts from Senegal to present-day Nigeria are tied to <a href="https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-rights-inclusion/slave-route#isc" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="The Slave Route Project"><em>The Slave Route Project</em></a>, run by UNESCO. Launched in 1994 in Ouidah, Benin, the Slave Route Project has three primary objectives :<br />
<ul>
<li>Contribute to a better understanding of the causes, forms of operation, stakes and consequences of slavery in the world (Africa, Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, Middle East and Asia);</li>
<li>Highlight the global transformations and cultural interactions that have resulted from this history;</li>
<li>Contribute to a culture of peace by promoting reflection on inclusion, cultural pluralism, intercultural dialogue and the construction of new identities and citizenships. (See <a href="(see%20https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-rights-inclusion/slave-route#isc)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-rights-inclusion/slave-route#isc</a>)</li>
</ul>
One way that The Slave Route Project fulfills its mission is to engage in "the preservation and promotion of sites and itineraries of memory related to the slave trade and slavery." <br /><br />In conjunction with UNESCO, Senegal, Ghana, and Tanzania have chosen to remember the transatlantic slave trade through sculpture, the built environment, and the landscape. All three countries have sites on UNESCO's <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Heritage List</a>: <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/26" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Island of Goree</a> off the coast of Senegal, opposite the city of Dakar; the <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34" target="_blank" rel="noopener">forts and castles</a> along the coast of Ghana; and <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/173" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stone Town of Zanzibar</a> off the coast of Tanzania in the Indian Ocean.</div>
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Sculpture; Memorial Arch
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>La Porte Du Non Retour (The Gate of No Return)</em> (Ouidah, Benin)
Subject
The topic of the resource
<p>Subject (Topic)<br />Africa<br />Public art<br />Public sculpture<br />Ouidah--Benin--History<br />Slave trade<br />Slave trade--Africa--History<br />Slave trade--Benin--Ouidah--History<br /><br /></p>
<p>Subject (Object Type) <br />Commemorative sculpture <br />Memorial Arches</p>
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Located on the sandy shores of Ouidah, Benin, the monumental concrete red, white, and yellow-painted gate and the metallic sculptures that flank it, commemorate the horrors of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. The memorial gate, which marks the point where African captives were forced onto transatlantic slave ships, is connected by a path, known as the “Slave Route,” to the market square, where enslaved people were once sold. The memorial arche is embellished with a frieze, depicting two lines of enslaved people bound at their hands and chained together as they walk towards waiting ships. The columns are adorned with sculptures depicting men and women captives, their extremities bound, as they kneel and await their fate in Portuguese-built forts. The back of the gate is adorned with depictions of their native towns. Yves Ahouangnimon was the architect for the project; Fortuné Bandiera created figures and bas reliefs on the columns; Yves Apollinaire Pèdé created the bas-reliefs on the center arch and two free-standing <em>egungun</em>; and Dominique Kouas created the copper statues.</p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ahouangnimon, Yves
Bandiera, Fortuné, 1953-
Kouas, Dominique, 1952-
Pèdé, Yves Apollinaire, 1959-
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Dedicated: November 30, 1995
Relation
A related resource
<a href="https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-rights-inclusion/slave-route#Collection" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Slave Route, UNESCO</a><a href="https://medium.com/from-traditional-to-contemporary-aesthetic/the-slaving-port-of-ouidah-and-monumental-discourse-around-the-atlantic-perimeter-a41968341a57" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Visual Arts-Sculpture
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Route des Escalves, Ouidah, Benin
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Concrete; Cement; Copper
Bibliographic Citation
A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.
Araujo, Ana Lucia Araujo. "Political Uses of Memories of Slavery in the Republic of Benin." History in Focus, Issue 12: Slavery, Spring 2007. Accessed May 13, 2019, <a href="https://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Slavery/articles/araujo.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Slavery/articles/araujo.html</a>
<p>Akhtar, Saima and David H. Colmenares. "The Slaving Port of Ouidah and Monumental Discourse around the Atlantic Perimeter." Art Histories and Aesthetic Practices, January 27, 2016. Accessed May 13, 2019, <a href="https://medium.com/from-traditional-to-contemporary-aesthetic/the-slaving-port-of-ouidah-and-monumental-discourse-around-the-atlantic-perimeter-a41968341a57" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://medium.com/from-traditional-to-contemporary-aesthetic/the-slaving-port-of-ouidah-and-monumental-discourse-around-the-atlantic-perimeter-a41968341a57</a>.</p>
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Renée Ater
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Photographs: Dan Stone, <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dantoujours/33680680066/in/album-72157678589698644/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.flickr.com/photos/dantoujours/33680680066/in/album-72157678589698644/</a><a href="https://medium.com/from-traditional-to-contemporary-aesthetic/the-slaving-port-of-ouidah-and-monumental-discourse-around-the-atlantic-perimeter-a41968341a57" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>
Photograph of commemorative plaque: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porte_du_non_retour_11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porte_du_non_retour_11.jpg</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Gouvernement de la République du Bénin and UNESCO.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Gouvernement de la République du Bénin
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
Unknown
Has Part
A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource.
<p><em><strong>Inscription on marble plaque on right side of arch:</strong></em><br />Ce Monument Commemoratif<br />A Ete Inauguree Le 30-11-95 <br />Par Son Excellence <br />Le President Nicephore Dieudonne Soglo<br />Et Le Directeur General De L'UNESCO<br />Monsieur Federico Mayor<br />A L'Occasion De La Celebration De L'Annee 1995<br />Comme L' Annee Internationale De La Tolerance</p>
<p><em><strong>Inscription on marble plaque on left side of arch:<br /></strong></em>LA PORTE du NON retour <br />--Ses Figurines et ses bas-relief en colonnes<br />d'esclaves a été conue et réalisée<br />par Fortuné Bandeira<br />--L'agencament ou terrassement<br />par l'Architect Ahouangnimon Yves<br />--Les Statues en cuivre rouge <br />par Gnonnou Dominique Kouass<br />--Les bas-relief du mur de ceinture et<br />les deux Statues répresentant des<br />Egun-Egun (Esprit des esclaves)<br />par Yves Kpede<br />-Sous la présidence du Ministre d'Etat<br />Désiré Vieyra<br />et la coordination de<br />Mr. Noureini Tidjani-Serpos</p>
Africa
Benin
Dominique Kouas
Fortuné Bandiera
Ouidah
slave trade
slavery
Yves Ahouangnimon
Yves Apollinaire Pede
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https://slaverymonuments.org/files/original/0e071fc6bb179bdc0742d77cae6260fb.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Transatlantic Slave Trade - Middle Passage Monuments
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Renée Ater
Description
An account of the resource
<div style="padding-right: 30%;">
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">This collection focuses on monuments and memorials dedicated to the <a href="https://www.slavevoyages.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="s2">Transatlantic Slave Trade </span></a>and the Middle Passage. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, between 10 million and 12 million enslaved Africans were forcibly taken across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. The Middle Passage refers to the Atlantic sea route between Africa and the Americas that was part of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Historians believe that between 15 and 25 percent of the enslaved Africans perished aboard the overcrowded, unsanitary slave ships.</span><span class="s1"></span></p>
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">The works in this collection address the violence and trauma of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in various ways. Some monuments such as <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1137" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="s2"><em>The Ark of Return </em></span></a>include the human figure, while others such as <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1135" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="s2"><em>The Middle Passage Monument</em></span></a> use geometric forms (abstraction) to commemorate the victims of the Transatlantic Slave Trade.</span></p>
</div>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Written by Grace Yasumura
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Sculpture
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
144'' (365.76 cm)
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Reconciliation Memorial </em>(Cotonou, Republic of Benin)<em><br /></em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Subject (Topic)<br />Transatlantic Slave Trade<br />Middle Passage<br />Public art<br />Public sculpture<br />Benin
Subject (Object Type)<br />Commemorative sculpture
Description
An account of the resource
The bronze torsos of two abstracted figures, engaged in a tight embrace, emerge from a rectangular bronze base. Unlike its <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/admin/items/show/1138" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Liverpudlian</a> counterpart, this work includes the addition of bronze low-relief designs, reflecting images related to the slave trade, including cotton plants, chains, and industrial factories.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Broadbent, Stephen
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Republic of Benin Government; Faith Bebbington (the sculptor who assisted in the production of the finalized sculptures); The initial design work for the sculptures was undertaken by a group of young people in Liverpool, working closely with Garry Morris, the curator of the Liverpool Maritime Museum Slavery Exhibition, and were completed by selected young people from Benin and Richmond.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Visual Arts-Sculpture
Alternative Title
An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.
<em>Reconciliation Triangle</em>
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
2005
Has Part
A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource.
<strong>Inscription on base:</strong><br /><br />"Reconnaissons et pardonnons le passé<br /><br />Célébrons le présent<br /><br />Construisons l'avenir dans<br /><br />la réconciliation et la justice.<br /><br />Acknowledge and forgive the past<br /><br />Embrace the present<br /><br />Shape a future<br /><br />of reconciliation and justice."
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
One other identical version of this work exists in <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/admin/items/show/1140" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Richmond, VA</a>
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
144'' (365.76 cm)
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Bronze
Bibliographic Citation
A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.
Stephen Broadbent, "Reconciliation Triangle," <em>Broadbent Studio</em>. Accessed April 11th, 2019, <a href="https://broadbent.studio/reconciliation-triangle-casestudy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://broadbent.studio/reconciliation-triangle-casestudy</a>
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Renée Ater
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Broadbent Studio
Africa
Benin
Middle Passage
Stephen Broadbent
Transatlantic Slave Trade